1) Which of the following was not one of Mendel’s main inferences from his research?

A) The basic units of genetics are material elements.

B) The genetic material elements come in pairs.

C) Genes are lengths of DNA.

D) The genetic material elements can retain their character through many generations.

E) The genetic material elements separate during the formation of gametes.

2) What is the term for an observable trait of an organism?

A) element

B) phenotype

C) hybrid

D) genotype

E) allele

3) The seeds in a pod of one of Mendel’s pea plants are:

A) produced only when a plant is cross-fertilized.

B) genetically identical to each other but different from other peas in other pods.

C) produced only when a plant is self-fertilized.

D) each the result of a separate fertilization event.

E) genetically identical to each other and all other peas from that plant.

4) Mendel postulated that individuals have genetic elements that exist in pairs, which determine a single phenotype. What do we now know these pairs of elements to be?

A) two haploid sets of chromosomes

B) two alleles of a gene on homologous chromosomes

C) pairs of sister chromatids

D) pairs of centromeres

E) a sperm and an egg

5) Mendel wanted to make sure his starting plants bred true, meaning the:

A) seeds would always sprout.

B) peas would always be green.

C) phenotypes of the offspring in each generation could not be predictable.

D) phenotypes of the offspring in each generation were always the same as the parent.

E) phenotypes of the offspring in each generation would sometimes look like the male parent and sometimes look like the female parent.

6) The D gene controls pea plant height. The DD and dd genotypes confer tall and dwarf phenotypes, respectively. What is the relationship between D and d?

A) They are two different plant chromosomes.

B) They are two different genes on the same chromosome.

C) They are alleles of the same gene.

D) They are two possible homozygous genotypes.

E) They are two possible heterozygous genotypes.

7) Before Mendel, people had observed inheritance of dominant and recessive traits by following many generations of plants and animals. What was different about Mendel’s work?

A) He used a plant that had never been cultivated before.

B) He kept careful count of his results, including mathematical analysis.

C) His results were immediately accepted and applied to other studies.

D) He followed more generations than anyone else.

E) He did both cross- and self-fertilizations.

8) Mendel crossed true-breeding pea plants and found the dominant trait always appeared in the F1 generation, but it appeared in a ________ ratio of dominant to recessive in the F2 generation.

9) A and a are dominant and recessive alleles, respectively, of the same gene. Which genotype(s) would result in an individual with the dominant phenotype?

A) AA and aa

B) Aa and aa

C) only AA

D) AA and Aa

E) only Aa

10) A and a are dominant and recessive alleles, respectively, of the same gene. Which genotype(s) would result in an individual with the recessive phenotype?

A) Aa and aa

B) AA and aa

C) Aa only

D) AA only

E) aa only