11. In most cases, descriptive studies:

A) use numbers which allows for statistical and mathematical relationships to be examined.

B) can usually be used to prove causality.

C) Both of the above

D) none of the above

12. A spurious association means that…

A) the relationship is truly cause-and-effect

B) there is a strong correlation between the two variables

C) Both of the above

D) none of the above

13. In determining cause-and-effect, there must be:

A) temporal sequence

B) concomitant variation

C) both of the above

D) none of the above

14. Research hypotheses are:

A) included only when the researcher has reason to conjecture

B) always included

C) specify the type of information needed in order to successfully fulfill the research

D) all of the above

15. While _____ research will normally provide a higher level of information, it tends to take longer and costs are higher.

A) Exploratory

B) Descriptive

C) Causal

D) Predictive

16. The sample selection process begins by:

A) defining the population

B) determing cost constraints

C) designing the sample method

D) determining the size of the needed sample

17. __________ research involves unstructured data collection methods that provide results that are subjectively interpreted.

A) qualitative

B) quantitative

C) causal

D) predictive

18. Which of the following is the first of the six key steps of the marketing research process:

A) developing the research design

B) defining the research problem

C) determining the sampling plan

D) designing the data collection procedures

19. The research questions or objectives:

A)  outline the scope of the research project

B) guide the development of the research design

C) Both of the above

D) none of the above

20. The sampling plan:

A) begins with a determination of the population to be studied

B) describes the process by which the survey questions will be selected

C) both of the above

D) none of the above