11.What concept describes a learner giving different responses to related but not identical stimuli?

a.Reinforcement

b.Vicarious conditioning

c.Discrimination

d.Generalization

12.The disappearance of a response as a result of the conditioned stimulus occurring repeatedly in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus describes:

a.satiation.

b.extinction.

c.discrimination.

d.generalization.

13.Kathy Kelly, a seventh-grade teacher, notices that Joanne, a new student, appears quite ill at ease in her class.  She decides to try to make her feel more comfortable, so each day when Joanne comes in, Kathy spends a few seconds with her, smiles and puts her arm around Joanne’s shoulder.  After a period of time she notices that Joanne appears to feel much better when entering the classroom.  Kathy’s efforts most closely relate to an application of which of the following?

a.Negative reinforcement

b.Classical conditioning

c.Positive reinforcement

d.Vicarious conditioning

Use the following vignette or items 14-17.

Natasha is going to the dentist, but she doesn’t know what to think—she has no experience with dentists or dentist’s offices. Her dad takes her to the dentist, and she initially doesn’t have a reaction to being in the dentist’s office, but once the dental procedure starts, Natasha is very uncomfortable. The procedure is noisy and even a little painful.  She goes to the dentist several times with the same experience.  Now, whenever Natasha goes into the dentist’s office she is nervous and uncomfortable.

14.In the preceding example, the best description of the neutral stimulus is:

a.the dentist’s office.

b.Natasha’s discomfort.

c.the procedure.

d.    Natasha’s being nervous.

15.In the preceding example, the unconditioned stimulus is:

a.the dentist’s office.

b.the dental procedure.

c.Natasha’s dad.

d.Natasha’s being uncomfortable.

16.In the preceding example, the conditioned stimulus is:

a.the dental procedure.

b.the dentist’s office.

c.Natasha’s dad.

d.Natasha’s feeling pain.

17.In the preceding example, the best description of the conditioned response is:

a.the dental procedure.

b.the dentist’s office.

c.Natasha’s dad.

d.Natasha being nervous and uncomfortable.

Items 18–21 are based on the following scenario.

Mike is a conscientious and hard-working student with a good attitude.  Because of his excellent work in world history, he has been placed in AP American history for the eleventh grade. He is a little uneasy, but Mrs. Brewster, his American history teacher, is standing at the door of the room the first day and asks the students their names as they come in.  After Mike introduces himself, Mrs. Brewster smiles broadly and says, “Oh, Mike, I’m very happy to have you in here. Mr. Dickens told me about your excellent work last year.”

Mike feels a big sense of relief. Maybe the year would be okay after all. Each morning Mrs. Brewster greets Mike with the same positive manner as he comes into class. Now when Mike walks into American History class, he is quite at ease as he anticipates the class.  Consider this as a case of classical conditioning, and respond to the following items.

18.In this situation, the best description of the unconditioned stimulus would be:

a.world history class.

b.American history class.

c.Mr. Dicken’s description of Mike’s work.

d.Mrs. Brewster’s manner.

19.The best description of the unconditioned response would be Mike’s:

a.conscientiousness.

b.excellent work in world history.

c.uncertainty.

d.relief.

20.The best description of the conditioned stimulus would be:

a.world history class.

b.Mrs. Brewster’s greetings.

c.Mr. Dicken’s description of Mike’s work.

d.American History class.

21.The best description of the conditioned response would be Mike’s:

a.good work habits.

b.uncertainty about American History.

c.anticipating class.

d.feeling at ease.