11.What does normative development consist of?
a.changes that characterize most individuals
b.changes : 1361693.
11.What does normative development consist of?
a.changes that characterize most individuals
b.changes that are specific to the individual
c.changes that result from experience and environmental influences
d.changes that optimize developmental outcomes
12.What does ideographic development consist of?
a.changes that characterize most individuals
b.changes that are specific to the individual
c.changes that result from the unfolding of a genetic “blueprint”
d.changes that optimize developmental outcomes
13.Kayla started walking at 12 months of age, just like her three brothers and her seven cousins. Most children start walking at about this age. What type of development does this example illustrate?
a.optimization of development
b.holistic development
c.normative development
d.ideographic development
14.Michaela is 24 months old and she still has not spoken her first word. All four of her brothers spoke their first words at about 12 months of age, which is typical for most children. In this example, which general developmental concept does Michaela’s lack of speech illustrate?
a.maturational development
b.holistic development
c.normative development
d.ideographic development
15.Contemporary developmentalists maintain that human development is a continual and cumulative process. Which statement most accurately expresses this viewpoint?
a.Early childhood experiences have little impact on adult behaviour and attitudes.
b.Early childhood experiences are the major determinants of adult behaviour and attitudes.
c.Early childhood experiences have a lasting impact on adult behaviour and attitudes, but experiences during other, later, periods of life also play a role.
d.Negative childhood events affect adult personality and behaviour, but positive childhood events have little impact.
16.Which statement best exemplifies the holistic approach to development?
a.Parents notice the gaps in the child’s abilities and must work to fill those gaps.
b.Traits or abilities are distinct and show separate developmental patterns of change.
c.Aspects of developmental change are interrelated.
d.Developmental trends in human and nonhuman animals are similar.
17.The holistic perspective is a dominant theme of human development. What does this perspective emphasize?
a.Growth and change are continual.
b.Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aspects of development are independent.
c.Growth and change are cumulative processes.
d.Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aspects of development are interdependent.
18.Suppose that the plasticity principle did not apply to development. How would this change our understanding of a child’s abilities?
a.Children with cognitive disabilities could be taught many skills.
b.Children who grow up in poor environments would suffer inevitably from their deficiencies.
c.Parental training would be vital for all children to develop normally.
d.Sex differences in children’s behaviour would be nonexistent.
19.Which of the following terms refers to the capacity for change in response to positive or negative life experiences?
a.holistic
b.tabula rasa
c.innate purity
d.plasticity
20.What does the holistic perspective of development emphasize?
a.the active role of the child in his or her own development
b.development is a lifelong process that is continual and cumulative
c.the interdependent way in which all components of the self determine development
d.the belief that all the members of the family influence the development of each other
