128. Janine is coloring a bird.  Her teacher walks by and says to Natalie, “Oh, your bird is so colorful.  I like the reds and yellows.”  Janine quickly picks up a red crayon and starts adding more red to her bird.  This is an example of:

a.symbolic learning.

b.reciprocal causation.

c.inhibitory learning.

d.vicarious learning.

  129.On career day a teacher is careful to invite in nonstereotypical role models (e.g. male nurses and female engineers).  Of the following, the most likely reason the teacher does this is that she realizes a model’s effectiveness depends on:

a.perceived similarity.

b.perceived competence.

c.perceived status.

d.perceived reward.

  130.Prominent celebrities and athletes are often recruited to endorse certain products, even though they don’t necessarily know anything about the product—such as an athlete endorsing a type of underwear. We can explain this tendency with social cognitive theory by saying:

a.the celebrities and athletes are effective models because they’re rich.

b.the celebrities and athletes are effective models because they have high status.

c.the celebrities and athletes are effective models because they get large monetary rewards.

c.the celebrities and athletes are effective models because they’re usually physically attractive.

    131.Self-regulation can best be described as the process in which students:

a.use models to know how and when to act.

b.use the consequences of peers’ behaviors to decide appropriate behavior.

c.use thoughts and actions to reach academic goals.

d.use vicarious learning to learn cognitive strategies.

    132.Of the following, which is the most important characteristic of an effective goal?

a.It is set by the teacher rather than the students.

b.It is challenging but realistic.

c.It is realistic vs. overly optimistic.

d.It is mental vs. tangible.

    133.Of the following, the most effective way teachers can promote self-assessment is to:

a.provide frequent quizzes and tests.

b.encourage students to check their answers on their assignments before handing them in.

c.encourage students to work with and compare their performance to other students.

d.provide grades that help students know how they are doing in comparison to other students.

    134.Which of the following statements best describes cognitive behavior modification?

a.It combines behaviorist principles and learners’ thoughts.

b.It focuses on behavioral change but rejects behaviorist principles.

c.It emphasizes learners’ thoughts and disregards observable behavior.

d.It emphasizes the influence of teacher modeling on changes in learners’ behaviors.