141.  Voluntary micturition  
A.  involves higher brain centers.
B.  involves control of the internal sphincter.
C.  is a reflex action.
D.  is common in infants.
E.  involves control of smooth muscle.

142.  Which of the following statements concerning the micturition reflex is false?  
A.  The micturition reflex is initiated by stretching the bladder wall.
B.  Afferent signals are conducted to the sacral segments of the spinal cord by the pelvic nerves.
C.  Efferent signals are sent to the bladder by sympathetic fibers in the pelvic nerve.
D.  The micturition reflex usually produces a series of contractions of the urinary bladder.
E.  The micturition reflex is modified by centers in the pons and cerebrum.

143.  With aging, a loss of inhibitory action potentials to the sacral region of the spinal cord results in  
A.  increased bladder capacity.
B.  voluntary micturition.
C.  continuous dribbling of urine.
D.  uncontrollable micturition.
E.  lack of control of internal sphincter.

144.  In glomerular nephritis, proteins and white blood cells enter the filtrate resulting in  
A.  increased reabsorption of water.
B.  increased reabsorption of sodium.
C.  increased secretion of sodium.
D.  increased urine output.
E.  decreased urine output.

145.  Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the renal medulla?  
A.  pyelonephritis
B.  acute glomerular nephritis
C.  chronic glomerular nephritis
D.  acute renal failure
E.  chronic renal failure

146.  Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the kidneys?  
A.  decrease in kidney size
B.  loss of nephrons
C.  decreased response to hormonal control of urine volume
D.  a marked decrease in the ability to maintain homeostasis

147. What does “A” on the diagram represent? 
A. ureters
B. urethra
C. right and left kidneys
D. adrenal glands
E. urinary bladder

148. What does “B” on the diagram represent? 
A. ureters
B. urethra
C. right and left kidneys
D. adrenal glands
E. urinary bladder

149. What does “C” on the diagram represent? 
A. ureters
B. urethra
C. right and left kidneys
D. adrenal glands
E. urinary bladder

150. What does “D” on the diagram represent? 
A. ureters
B. urethra
C. right and left kidneys
D. adrenal glands
E. urinary bladder