21. A patient who is experiencing severe diarrhea and vomiting would have

a. increased body water requirements.

b. decreased body water requirements.

c. no change in body water requirements.

d. an immediate need for intravenous fluid.

22. The kidneys “launder” the blood by

a. osmosis.

b. filtration.

c. active transport.

d. diffusion.

23. Oral rehydration therapy is preferred over intravenous therapy for fluid replacement caused by diarrhea because it

a. is quicker.

b. tastes better.

c. is more readily available.

d. provides electrolytes as well as fluid.

24. The predominant regulator(s) of circulating blood volume is(are)

a. electrolytes.

b. plasma proteins.

c. water intake.

d. hormones.

25. Water retention would be the result of the hormone

a. ADH.

b. estrogen.

c. progesterone.

d. insulin.

26. Thirst tends to be an unreliable index of fluid needs in

a. infants.

b. pregnant women.

c. breast-feeding women.

d. older adults.

27. Plasma proteins maintain colloidal osmotic pressure because

a. they are large molecules.

b. proteins are not found in the cells.

c. proteins are positively charged.

d. they contain water as part of their structure.

28. Treatment for diarrhea in children is to

a. withhold oral intake and immediately begin intravenous fluids until diarrhea stops.

b. sponge with an electrolyte solution of sodium, potassium, and sugar.

c. give an age-appropriate diet along with oral fluids that contain sodium, potassium, sugar, and sodium bicarbonate.

d. administer the BRAT (bananas, rice, applesauce, and tea) diet.

29. The electrolyte present in the most abundance in gastric digestive fluids is

a. chloride.

b. potassium.

c. sodium.

d. bicarbonate.

30. For osmosis to occur there must be

a. a semipermeable membrane.

b. cations and anions.

c. membrane channels.

d. hormonal control.