21.According to your text, which of the following is not a reward typically given in middle and secondary school classrooms?

a.Teacher comments on papers

b.Free time to talk to classmates

c.High test scores or good grades

d.Public displays of reward or praise

22.  Cognitive and social cognitive views of motivation focus on each of the following except:

a.learners’ beliefs.

b.learners’ need to understand.

c.learners’ expectations for success.

d.learners’ needs for positive regard.

`23.Of the following, the person most associated with cognitive views of motivation that stress students’ need to understand is:

a.Skinner.

b.Maslow.

c.Piaget.

d.Combs.

24.Of the following, beliefs and expectations most closely relate to:

a.behaviorist views of motivation.

b.humanistic views of motivation.

c.psychoanalytic views of motivation.

d.cognitive and social cognitive views of motivation.

25.John is engrossed in taking apart and putting together his block train.  Which theorist would be most likely to say John has a need for order, predictability, and an understanding of the way the world works?

a.Piaget

b.Skinner

c.Freud

d.Bronfenbrenner

26.“Aha! I’ve figured out what I need to do to get the computer to run this program. I’ll be right with you. I want to go back in the lab and see if it will work on my assignment.” The theory of motivation that best explains why a student would make such a statement is:

a.behaviorist.

b.cognitive.

c.humanistic.

d.sociocultural.

27.Which theoretical view of motivation suggests that individuals in communities of learners are more motivated than they would be in a classroom environment that is competitive or provides less support?

a.Behaviorist

b.Cognitive

c.Sociocultural

d.Humanistic

28.Which of the following descriptions is most consistent with a sociocultural view of development?

a.Students are motivated by the need to receive rewards and avoid punishers.

b.A positive learning environment provides motivational scaffolding that encourages learners to engage in activities that they would not do on their own.

c.Students have an innate need to become competent, and they will be motivated to engage in activities that allow them to develop their competence.

d.People have an innate need for unconditional positive regard, and their motivation increases when they are treated with courtesy and respect.

29.Which of the following people would be most likely to say that we are motivated by a need for personal growth and development?

a.Skinner

b.Maslow

c.Piaget

d.White

30.Of the following, the concept most closely related to the foundation of humanistic views of motivation is:

a.the self.

b.reinforcement.

c.competence.

d.self-efficacy.