28.In working memory, the short-term storage system for words and sounds is called:

a.the visual-spatial sketchpad.

b.the central executive.

c.the sensory register.

d.the phonological loop.

29.The process of repeating information over and over, either out loud or silently, without altering its form is called:

a.visualization.

b.maintenance rehearsal.

c.elaboration.

d.dual-processing.

30.Mrs. Amos’s students understand fractions, and she is now working with them on the addition and subtraction of fractions.  She models the process for adding fractions with like denominators, then gives the students several practice examples.  She follows by demonstrating what equivalent fractions are, and gives the students several examples where they determine whether the fractions are equivalent or not.  She then models the process for finding equivalent fractions and again gives them several examples to practice on.  She continues with this process for the addition of fractions with unlike denominators and repeats the process for the subtraction of fractions.  Which of the following best describes what Mrs. Amos is attempting to accomplish with her procedure?

a.She is trying to avoid overloading the students’ sensory memories by not presenting too much information at a time.

b.She is attempting to have the students rehearse the process for forming equivalent fractions by  modeling the process for them.

c.She is trying to avoid overloading the students’ working memories by giving them time to practice each step before moving on to another step.

d.Giving the students time to practice is designed to promote the students’ metacognition.

Use the following information for items 31 and 32.

31.You’re in the process of writing an essay that makes and defends an argument. The part of your working memory system that makes the decision about what evidence to use to defend your argument is:

a.the central executive.

b.the phonological loop.

c.the visual-spatial sketchpad.

d.the rehearsal loop.

32. As you’re writing, you temporarily hold information in your memory system until it can be included in your essay. The part of your working memory system that performs this function is:

a.the central executive.

b.the phonological loop.

c.the visual-spatial sketchpad.

d.the rehearsal loop.

33.One of your students has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Of the following, which is most likely impaired for this student?

a.The central executive in working memory

b.The phonological loop in working memory

c.The visual-spatial sketchpad in working memory

d.The rehearsal loop in working memory

34.Historically, the part of our memory system that temporarily holds information until it can be processed is called:

a.episodic memory.

b.semantic memory.

c.meaningful memory.

d.short-term memory.

35.The amount of mental activity imposed on working memory is described as:

a.maintenance rehearsal.

b.meaningfulness.

c.cognitive load.

d.dual-processing.

36.Cognitive load is primarily a concern for which of the following memory stores?

a.Sensory memory

b.Episodic memory

c.Long-term memory

d.Working memory

37.Cognitive load can be reduced by all of the following except:

a.chunking.

b.automaticity.

c.rehearsal.

d.dual processing.