31) Water reabsorption occurs passively through the process of ________.

A) osmosis

B) simple diffusion

C) active transport

D) facilitated diffusion

E) pinocytosis

32) Filtration is ________.

A) movement of fluid from the peritubular fluid to the tubular fluid

B) the process in which useful organic molecules, nutrients, or water are reclaimed

C) a highly selective process

D) the process in which blood pressure forces fluid and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries and into the surrounding capsular space

E) a process that can further decrease the plasma concentration of undesirable materials, including many drugs

33) Throughout most of the distal convoluted tubule, the tubular cells

A) actively transport urea out of the tubular fluid.

B) actively reabsorb organic nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the filtrate.

C) reclaim 60-70% of the volume of filtrate at the glomerulus.

D) are impermeable both to water and to solutes.

E) actively transport sodium ions out of the tubular fluid in exchange for potassium ions or hydrogen ions.

34) ADH promotes increased water permeability of the

A) loop of Henle.

B) proximal convoluted tubule.

C) distal convoluted tubule.

D) papillary duct.

E) minor calyx.

35) Potassium ion secretion along the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct is stimulated by

A) ADH.

B) aldosterone.

C) EPO.

D) ANP.

E) cortisol.

36) If through injury, both the blood flow to the kidneys and the glomerular filtration pressure decrease, which of the following will likely occur?

A) The renin-angiotensin system will be activated.

B) Sodium reabsorption will be inhibited.

C) Vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries and vasodilation of the efferent arterioles will occur simultaneously.

D) Obligatory water reabsorption will decrease.

E) The amount of ADH released in the blood will decrease.

37) ADH is released by cells in the ________.

A) juxtaglomerular complex

B) hypothalamus

C) heart

D) adrenal glands

E) macula densa

38) At the nephron, angiotensin II triggers ________ to elevate glomerular pressures and glomerular filtration rates.

A) vasoconstriction of the efferent arterioles

B) vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles

C) vasodilation of the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

D) vasodilation of the efferent arterioles

E) the release of ANP

39) The hormone ANP

A) stimulates ADH secretion.

B) increases the rate of sodium ion reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule.

C) decreases glomerular filtration.

D) decreases urinary water loss.

E) promotes the dilation of glomerular capillaries.

40) ANP release is stimulated when

A) angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II.

B) the rate of sodium ion reabsorption along the distal convoluted tubule is decreased.

C) urinary water retention is too high.

D) glomerular filtration is increased.

E) blood volume and blood pressure are too high.