39.People sometimes construct knowledge that makes sense to them but is inconsistent with evidence or commonly accepted explanations. In these cases they have constructed:

a.an authentic task.

b.a situated idea.

c.a socially constructed idea.

d.a misconception.

40. Of the following, which is the best description of a misconception?

a. An idea that makes sense to an individual but is inconsistent with evidence or commonly accepted explanations

b.An idea that is important in one culture but is not important in another culture

c.An idea that people understand in the abstract but can’t apply in the real world

d.An idea that is held by students but is not held people outside the classroom

41.Which of the following is a misconception about teaching and learning?

a.Regardless of what teachers tell students, the students are going to create ideas that make sense to them.

b.The best way to help learners understand an idea is to carefully explain the idea to them.

c.Teachers sometimes inadvertently reinforce students for undesirable behaviors.

d. Students are likely to imitate behaviors they see displayed by others.

42.Which of the following is the most likely reason that misconceptions exist?

a.Students have been reinforced for the misconception in the past.

b.Students have seen the misconception repeatedly modeled by their teacher.

c.Students have prior experiences that are consistent with the misconception.

d.Students’ parents also hold the same misconception.

43.The construction of misconceptions is related to the characteristics of constructivism. Of the following, which characteristic of constructivism best explains why people construct misconceptions?

a.Learners construct understanding that makes sense to them.

b.Social interaction facilitates learning.

c.Meaningful learning occurs within real-world tasks.

d.Learning requires practice and feedback.

44.The kindergarten students at Fleming Island Elementary School believe that Mrs. Reynolds is older than Mrs. Alvaro, even though the opposite is true. When asked why they think so, the children point out that Mrs. Reynolds is taller. Of the following, which factor that contributes to misconceptions was most likely the cause of the children’s misconception in this instance?

a.Appearance

b.Language

c.Society

d.Modeling

45.Which of the following is the most likely reason that learners’ misconceptions are hard to change?

a.Schools often teach misconceptions as part of the curriculum in the early grades.

b.Teachers often hold their own misconceptions about content and share that knowledge with learners.

c.Misconceptions make sense to the individual, and changing the misconception is disequilibrating.

d.Parents often undermine information schools teach with their own misconceptions.

46.Of the following, which is a necessary condition for conceptual change?

a.Learners must become dissatisfied with their existing understanding.

b.Learners must come to the new understanding with knowledge from an authority.

c.Learners’ new understanding must continue to accommodate prior knowledge.

d.Learners’ motivation to change must be extrinsically motivated.

47. Which of the following is required in order for conceptual change to occur?

a.An existing schema must be reconstructed.

b.New ideas and skills must be modeled.

c.Alternatives to the misconception must be reinforced.

d.Alternatives to the misconception must be carefully explained.

48. Of the following, which is most important if conceptual change is going to occur?

a.The new conception must make more sense to the individual than does the misconception.

b.The new conception must be carefully explained so the inherent logic in it is made clear.

c.Both the misconception and the new conception must be discussed.

d.The new conception must be cognitively modeled.