51) ________ are inorganic ions released through electrolytes, such as sodium chloride.

A) Minerals

B) Enzymes

C) Water-soluble vitamins

D) Essential proteins

E) Fat-soluble vitamins

52) Which bulk mineral is a major cation in body fluids and is essential for normal membrane function?

A) calcium

B) iron

C) sodium

D) chloride

E) phosphorus

53) The vitamin that is essential for liver synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors is

A) vitamin A.

B) vitamin B.

C) vitamin E.

D) vitamin C.

E) vitamin K.

54) The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is

A) vitamin B6 (pyridoxine).

B) vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid).

C) vitamin B2 (riboflavin).

D) vitamin B9 (folic acid).

E) niacin (nicotinic acid).

55) The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is

A) vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid).

B) vitamin B6 (pyridoxine).

C) vitamin B9 (folic acid).

D) vitamin C (ascorbic acid).

E) vitamin K.

56) A mineral that is essential for normal membrane function is

A) calcium.

B) sodium.

C) manganese.

D) zinc.

E) iron.

57) The daily average water requirement for humans is ________.

A) 250 ml

B) 2500 ml

C) 500 ml

D) 1500 ml

E) 1000 ml

58) The enzyme that breaks down ATP in a contracting skeletal muscle requires the presence of calcium and ________.

A) potassium ions

B) iron

C) magnesium ions

D) phosphorus

E) zinc

59) Beriberi is a degenerative disease caused by a deficiency of ________, having the effects of muscle weakness and CNS and cardiovascular problems including heart disease.

A) vitamin B1 (thiamine)

B) vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

C) vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

D) niacin (nicotinic acid)

E) vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

60) Which water-soluble vitamin must first be bound to the intrinsic factor secreted by the gastric mucosa before it can be absorbed by the intestinal epithelium?

A) vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

B) vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

C) vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

D) vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)

E) vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)