51) Angiotensin II elevates systemic blood pressure by

A) triggering arteriole constriction.

B) promoting the release of ANP.

C) inhibiting aldosterone.

D) promoting the excretion of sodium.

E) inhibiting ADH.

52) Which of the following monitors the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A) sensory neurons on the surface of the medulla oblongata

B) sensory neurons found in the carotid bodies

C) sensory neurons found in the aortic bodies

D) sensory neurons in the walls of the right atrium

E) sensory neurons in the walls of the carotid sinus

53) Which reflex specifically adjusts cardiac output and peripheral resistance to maintain arterial pressures?

A) Babinski reflex

B) atrial reflex

C) chemoreceptor reflex

D) baroreceptor reflex

E) venous reflex

54) When blood pressure rises, increased output from the baroreceptors stimulates which center?

A) cardioacceleratory

B) vasomotor

C) respiratory

D) cardioinhibitory

E) pulmonary

55) Regarding endocrine mechanisms in cardiovascular regulation, long-term adjustments

A) involve responses that adjust cardiac output and peripheral resistance to stabilize blood pressure and blood flow to tissues.

B) involve alterations in blood volume that affect cardiac output and the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from active tissues.

C) cause immediate, localized homeostatic adjustments.

D) drastically alter blood pressure and blood flow to vital organs.

E) involve the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medullae, which stimulate cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction.

56) Shock is an acute circulatory crisis marked by

A) low blood pressure and increased blood volume.

B) hypotension and increased tissue perfusion.

C) high blood pressure and inadequate peripheral blood flow.

D) high blood pressure and decreased tissue perfusion.

E) hypotension and inadequate peripheral blood flow.

57) During the long-term response to hemorrhage, which hormone(s) prominently promotes fluid retention and reabsorption at the kidneys?

A) ADH and aldosterone

B) angiotensinogen II

C) EPO

D) epinephrine and norepinephrine

E) renin

58) When one exercises at maximal levels, only the blood supply to the ________ is unaffected.

A) lungs

B) liver

C) brain

D) skin

E) skeletal muscles

59) As exercise begins, ________ occur(s) as the rate of oxygen consumption in skeletal muscles increases.

A) extensive changes in the pattern of blood distribution

B) vasomotor activation

C) decreased cardiac output

D) decreased venous return

E) extensive vasodilation

60) In the short-term response to hemorrhage, ________ occurs.

A) decreased vasomotor activity

B) increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart

C) mobilization of the venous reserve

D) immediate erythropoietin activation

E) a recall of fluids from the interstitial spaces