51) Urine ejection cannot occur unless which event(s) takes place?

A) Both the internal and external urethral sphincters are contracted.

B) The internal urethral sphincter is relaxed, and the external urethral sphincter is contracted.

C) The internal urethral sphincter is contracted, and the external urethral sphincter is relaxed.

D) Only the internal urethral sphincter is contracted.

E) Both the internal and external urethral sphincters are relaxed.

52) The detrusor muscle

A) moves urine through the ureters.

B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

C) exclusively functions as the internal urethral sphincter.

D) exclusively functions as the external urethral sphincter.

E) is located in the renal pelvis.

53) The micturition reflex begins to function when

A) the stretch receptors have provided adequate stimulation to the sympathetic motor neurons.

B) the stretch receptors have provided maximum stimulation to the parasympathetic motor neurons.

C) the stretch receptors have provided adequate stimulation to the parasympathetic motor neurons.

D) the stretch receptors have provided maximum stimulation to the sympathetic motor neurons.

E) the stretch receptors are initially distorted.

54) The intracellular fluid (ICF) is found in

A) the plasma.

B) lymph.

C) the cytosol.

D) the interstitial spaces.

E) the cerebrospinal fluid.

55) Which component of the ECF is the largest in both males and females?

A) lymph

B) plasma

C) interstitial fluid

D) synovial fluid

E) cerebrospinal fluid

56) Intracellular fluid contains an abundance of

A) chloride and potassium.

B) potassium and phosphate.

C) sodium and phosphate.

D) potassium and sulfate.

E) magnesium and bicarbonate.

57) Where does exchange among the subdivisions of the ECF primarily occur?

A) across the endothelial lining of capillaries

B) through the lymphatic vessels

C) through the CNS ventricles

D) in the cytosol of cells

E) in the pericardial cavity

58) Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of ________ across the digestive tract with rates of ________ at the kidneys.

A) excretion; secretion

B) filtration; absorption

C) secretion; filtration

D) absorption; loss

E) osmosis; gain

59) To achieve fluid balance, ion concentration gradients are eliminated by

A) osmosis.

B) diffusion.

C) active transport.

D) pinocytosis.

E) facilitated diffusion.

60) Choose the correct statement regarding the extracelullar fluid (ECF) and the intracellular fluid (ICF).

A) The kinds and amounts of dissolved electrolytes, proteins, nutrients, and waste products within each ECF subdivision or component are the same.

B) Exchange between the ICF and ECF occurs across plasma membranes by osmosis only.

C) The osmotic concentrations of the ICF and ECF are identical.

D) Minor components of the ECF include lymph, CSF, synovial fluid, and the cytosol.

E) The ICF has an abundance of sodium, potassium, phosphate, and chloride ions.