61. (p. 326) Which basic value is not common in Asian firms? 

A. Group

B. Trust

C. Confrontation

D. Fluid

62. (p. 326) Individuals who work for a company, usually via the Internet and move on to other employment when their assignment is done are known as: 

A. Purchasing agents

B. Marketing managers

C. International outsourcers

D. Electronic freelancers

63. (p. 328) _____ is the use of defined structures and systems in decision-making, communicating and controlling. 

A. Formalization

B. Specialization

C. Concentration

D. Interpretation

64. (p. 328) In a study of U.S. and Japanese firms in Taiwan, objective formalization was measured by: 

A. Use of informal controls

B. The extent to which goals were vague and unspecified

C. The number of different documents given to employees

D. Use of culturally induced values in getting things done

65. (p. 329) As an organizational characteristic, _____ is the assigning of individuals to specific, well-defined tasks. 

A. Interpretation

B. Concentration

C. Formalization

D. Specialization

66. (p. 329) Specialization in an international context can be classified into: 

A. Diagonal and vertical specialization

B. Vertical and parallel specialization

C. Horizontal and vertical specialization

D. Diagonal and parallel specialization

67. (p. 330) The assignment of jobs so that individuals are given a particular function to perform and tend to stay within the confines of this area is referred to as: 

A. Diagonal specialization

B. Parallel specialization

C. Vertical specialization

D. Horizontal specialization

68. (p. 330) The assignment of work to groups of departments where individuals are collectively responsible for performance is referred to as: 

A. Horizontal specialization

B. Vertical specialization

C. Lateral specialization

D. Parallel specialization

69. (p. 330) _____ is a management system in which important decisions are made at the top. 

A. Centralization

B. Decentralization

C. Horizontal specialization

D. Vertical specialization

70. (p. 330) Pushing decision making down the line and getting the lower-level personnel involved is referred to as: 

A. Centralization

B. Decentralization

C. Horizontal specialization

D. Vertical specialization