96.  Of the following, the most central features of Kohlberg’s research technique are:

a.identity crises.

b.moral dilemmas.

c.stages.

d.ethics.

97.  Of the following, which stage of moral reasoning most emphasizes ethical decisions based on the immediate consequences for the individual?

a.Punishment and obedience

b.Interpersonal harmony

c.Law and order

d.Social contract

98.  People who make ethical decisions based on the consequences for themselves are operating at:

a.the preconventional level of ethics.

b.the conventional level of ethics.

c.the postconventional level of ethics.

d.the concrete operational level of ethics.

99.  Ethical reasoning that concerns the judgments and opinions of others is characteristic of:

a.the preconventional level of ethics.

b.the conventional level of ethics.

c.the postconventional level of ethics.

d.the principled level of ethics.

    100. The two Kohlberg stages that are based on following social conventions and norms are:

a.punishment and obedience and market exchange.

b.social contract and universal principles.

c.market exchange and interpersonal harmony.

d.interpersonal harmony and law and order.

    101.  Maintaining an orderly society is characteristic of which stage of moral reasoning?

a.Punishment and obedience

b.Market exchange

c.Interpersonal harmony

d.Law and order

    102.  According to Kohlberg, conventional reasoning depends on:

a.preoperational thought.

b.concrete operational thought.

c.formal operational thought.

d.a combination of preoperational thinking and a resolution of the industry vs. inferiority crisis.

  103.“It’s okay to cheat on examinations.  Everyone does it . . . “ is reasoning at which of Kohlberg’s stages?

a.Punishment and obedience

b.Market exchange

c.Interpersonal harmony

d.Law and order

  104.  Critics of capital punishment make the following argument:  “Capital punishment is not a deterrent to crime.  The only real deterrent is the certainty of being apprehended, being quickly tried, and jailed.”

From this argument, we could infer that the critics view people as operating primarily at which stage of moral reasoning?

a.Punishment and obedience

b.Market exchange

c.Interpersonal harmony

d.Law and order

  105.  A secondary science teacher complains about his students’ inclination to cheat on his tests.  “They think it’s a game,” he comments perplexed.  “It’s whatever they can get away with.”  Based on this information, his students are at which ethical stage?

a.Punishment and obedience

b.Market exchange

c.Interpersonal harmony

d.Law and order