Multiple-Choice Questions

1) Some of the earliest research on the fetal origins theory took place in

A) France.

B) South Africa.

C) Japan.

D) the Netherlands.

2) According to certain studies, exposure of a fetus to famine in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in high risk for the development of what disease in adulthood?

A) osteoporosis

B) celiac disease

C) metabolic syndrome

D) colon cancer

3) Poor maternal intake of calcium increases the risk of what disease in the adult offspring?

A) osteoporosis

B) colon cancer

C) hypertension

D) obesity

4) The fetal adaptation theory indicates that a fetus exposed to starvation or malnutrition goes into a survival mode. Which of the following is NOT a fetal physiological response in this situation?

A) The production of hormones shifts to promote energy storage.

B) The activity of enzymes may increase or decrease.

C) There may be changes in the expression of certain genes.

D) The size and function of body organs, such as liver or kidneys, does not change.

5) Which of the following birth defects has NOT been linked to maternal obesity?

A) neural tube defects

B) cleft palate

C) heart defects

D) developmental delays

6) Which of the following is NOT a risk in the offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy?

A) osteoporosis

B) hypertension

C) childhood allergies

D) respiratory diseases

7) The process by which a fetus’s metabolism, hormone production, and other physiological processes shift in response to inadequate energy intake during pregnancy is called the

A) fetal adaptation theory.

B) fetal response theory.

C) fetal mutation theory.

D) fetal modification theory.

8) Which of the following statements is F regarding the consequences of the following maternal nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy?

A) Poor maternal intake of calcium during pregnancy results in a high risk of hypertension in offspring.

B) Poor maternal intake of folate during pregnancy is linked to the development of neural tube defects.

C) Low maternal intake of DHA and omega-3 fatty acid during pregnancy is associated with developmental delays in children.

D) Maternal zinc deficiency has no known consequences in adult offspring.

9) Which of the following is FALSE concerning research conducted on subjects born during weather- and war-related famines in Africa?

A) Cardiovascular disease is now the second leading cause of death in adults.

B) One-half of the cardiovascular deaths in the sub-Saharan population are among adults 30 to 69 years old.

C) Infectious disease accounts for the majority of deaths.

D) Low birth weight is associated with higher blood pressure in childhood and adolescence.